Vim

• vi was created as the GNU file editor’s “visual mode”
• ex was created as the GNU file editor’s “extended mode”.

These two programs were written in C during the mid 1970s and were eventually merged together. Today, ex has gone on to become an integral extension of vi’s functionality.

• In the early 1990s, vim or “vi improved” was released, featuring a number of improvements upon the original vi

vim’s most notable features

• autocomplete
• spell-check
• diff comparison
• file merging
• regular expressions
• code-folding
• editing files inside a .gzip, .zip, & .tar file
• editing files over SSH
• splitting/tabbing windows
• UTF-8 support
• syntax highlighting

As of version 8.0, vim notably supports

• lists, dictionaries, OOD
• map(), filter()
• lambda functions
• native package manager :h packadd
• code-folding :h folding

Learning vim

Vim has a tutor mode, which can be accessed by typing $ vimtutor Check out syntax examples

vim Key Notation

For more help, inside vim type :h key-notation

Note that there are 32 control characters, which vim has bound to specific key-combos. For instance, < C-a > means ⌃ A. At the time, there wasn’t enough room to support any control+shift+char type combos, so < C-a > is the same thing as < C-A >

Notation	Meaning	Hotkey
< BS >	⌫ backspace	⌃ H
< Tab >	tab	⌃ I
< Esc >	⎋ escape	⌃ [
< CR >	↩ return	⌃ M

Moving Around

By Character

Key	Function
H	← 1 character
J	↓ 1 character
K	↑ 1 character
L	→ 1 character

By Word

Key	Function
W	→ to next word
E	→ to word ending
B	← back to word beginning

The Meta Key

In vim, the alt key is often referred to as the meta key.

Notation: < M - x > is the same as ⌥ X

Warning: If you’re using MacOS, make sure your terminal has the setting “Use Option as Meta Key” enabled. However, you’re not done. You still won’t be able to bind

Basic Launch Commands

vim -x text.txt
# start vim in encrypted mode
vim -d file1.txt file2.txt
# start vim in diff mode
vim -e text.txt
# start vim in ex mode
vim -v text.txt
# start vim in vi mode

3 Modes in Vim

Normal/Command Mode

This is the place to give the editor commands and make changes.

• x to delete a char
• dd to delete a line of code
• 0 to move to the start of the line
• $ to move to the end of the line
• a insert text after the cursor
• A insert text at the end of the line

Insert Mode

Enter insert mode by typing i in command mode. Exit insert mode by typing ⌃ [ or Esc

ex Mode

Also known as nter a command in ex mode, enter a : in normal mode.

To exit ex mode, delete the ex command, or press

ex

The history of ex

In the mid 1970s, GNU’s file editor, ed needed some extensions. Instead of updating ed itself, Bill Joy developed an extended mode ex as well as a visual mode vi

ex is a file editor, which makes it different than the GNU’s stream editor sed, which was built by Lee McMahon in the early 1970s. The advantage of ex is its ability to provide more functionality than what’s found in sed and awk. For instance, ex has the ability to handle very complex chains of tasks. ex has support for matching statements that span across several lines.

ex Mode

If you’re inside vim you can enter ex mode by typing : in command mode. You will automatically exit ex mode by submitting the command or deleting the text on the line.

Ex mode is confusingly also referred to as command-line mode since it can be invoked directly from the command line ex file.txt or vim -E file.txt

ex Commands

ex is an extension of its parent ed and supports a very similar syntax to ed and sed. Unlike ed and sed however, ex is more powerful. For instance, it supports regular expressions that span multiple lines of a file.

Range Selection

The first thing to specify to ex is the range. Some characters have a special meaning when specifying the range of lines to search.

1. num specifies to search just line num itself

(Select just line 5)
:5

1. a,b specifies lines a through b inclusive

(Select lines 2 through 4)
:2,4

1. $ specifies the last line

(Select all lines from 10 and below)
:10,$

1. % specifies all lines (equivalent to 1,$)

(Select all lines)
:%

1. . specifies the current line

(Select all lines before the current line)
:1,.

1. + specifies the next line(s)

(Select the next 10 lines, including the current line)
:.,.+10

1. - specifies the previous line(s)

(Select the previous 10 lines, including the current line)
:.-10,.

1. /regex specifies the next line containing the RegEx regex

(Select the first line containing `example` after the cursor current position
:/example

1. ?example specifies the previous line containing the Regex example

(Select the first line containing `example` before the cursor's current position
:?example

Command Selection

• :% s/old/new/ swaps 1 instance of “old” with “new” found within the selection range.
• :% s/old/new/ge swaps every “old” found in the selection range with “new”
• e tells vim to suppress any errors that occur, for instance, if “new” is not found within the selection range.

Chaining Commands

You can use the | character to chain multiple ex commands together.

(Swap every "old" with "new" and prepend a # to every line)
:% s/old/new/ge|i#

• | tells ex to run another command
• g/query/command tells ex to execute the command on every line that matches the query
• i tells ex to insert text at the beginning of the line.
• A tells ex to append text at the end of the line.

Launching ex

You have multiple ways of calling ex

# Run ex on file.txt
ex file.txt
# Run ex on file.txt
vim -e file.txt

Calling ex from the command line

If you’ve ever used vim or its parent vi you’ve probably used ex without even knowing it. Any command that starts with : is actually an ex command, it’s specified inside of vi but it’s executed with ex and mapped to the current file.

ex commands can be run without even entering a file. To do this, you can take advantage of the command line features that ex has implemented.

Understanding ~/.vimrc

Your ~/.vimrc file is a file that contains Vimscript code. It automatically runs the code in this file every time Vim is launched.

It’s good to write as many comments as possible, as you’ll one day forget what is in your ~/.vimrc file

Internal-Variables

When you see something like g:onedark_termcolors:256 in your ~/.vimrc it’s referring to an internal variable.

Also, the “rc” in ~/.vimrc stands for run commands

You can always check :help internal-variables to review the types of internal-variables but here are the most common ones.

Usually you only add global variables in your ~/.vimrc file, which is why they are typically preceded with g:.

Variables with no prefix

• If the variable is declared with no prefix within a function, it is local to the function.
• If the variable is declared out of a function, it is global.

Useful commands

" View the filename and extension "
:echo @%

Special Characters

• In vim, the % character specifies the current filename.
• The 0 character specifies the beginning of the line
• The ^ character specifies the beginning of the line, but after the initial whitespace
• The $ character specifies the end of the line

:r filename.txt will read the specified file into the buffer :r !ls will read the files in the current working directory into the buffer :! will run the last external command in your bash history :!! will repeat the last command you executed :silent !echo "Hello" will not ask for the user to press enter to confirm the change

Enabling syntax highlighting in code-blocks

If you’d like your code-blocks inside markdown to support syntax highlighting, go into your ./vimrc file and add the following line

" Enable highlighting for html, ruby, python, and bash "
let g:markdown_fenced_languages = ['html', 'ruby', 'python', 'bash=sh']
" Allow syntax highlighting for code blocks of up to 100 lines (Default is 50) "
let g:markdown_minlines = 100

Note: Bash is not one of the supported languages of Markdown. Therefore, you have to map any bash code-blocks to be rendered as sh code-blocks with the syntax bash=sh

Update: If you have the latest version of vim, this is no longer necessary, the default mappings include ['c++=cpp', 'viml=vim', 'bash=sh']

Help

You can get help in vim by typing :help topicname

Usually this opens in a small window, so you can type ⌃ W O which will expand the size of the window to encompass the full screen of the terminal. However, this will also close all other windows.

A better option is to have the help page open in its own full-screen tab, which you can do with the substitution below

" Old method "
:h grep
" New method "
:tab h grep

Tab navigation (normal mode)

gt go to next tab gT go to previous tab 4gt go to tab 4

Key Mappings

You can specify which mode you would like to transform the operation of a given key combination.

• map: transform the key combination for all modes.
• nmap: transform the key combination for normal mode.
• imap: transform the key combination for insert mode.
• vmap: transform the key combination for visual and select mode.

Non-Recursive Mappings

The following mapping combination results in pressing d in insert mode outputting wat because the keystroke transformations execute recursively.

imap d D
imap D wat

d D wat

For this reason, it’s good to also have non-recursive mappings.

• noremap: non-recursive map
• nnoremap: non-recursive nmap
• inoremap: non-recursive imap
• vnoremap: non-recursive vmap

Regular Expressions

The syntax for vim regular expressions is slightly different than those used in POSIX Extended regular expressions, the ones that are used in egrep

Metacharacters

\| indicates alteration, e.g. house\|home \(...\) has two functions

1. it allows for grouping, so that the * \+ and \= operators can be used.
2. it allows you to reference it in the replacement string with \1, \2, etc.
   • e.g. \([a-z]\).\1 would match lol or kek \+ indicates “one or more” e.g. \(ha\)\+ is one or more ha lines. Would match with ha or haha or hahaha \= will match zero or one of the preceding regular expression. {3} matches the preceding regular expression 3 times. \(ha\)\{3} would match hahaha but not haha or hahahaha {,3} matches the preceding regular expression between 0-3 times. It would match ha or haha but not {3,} matches the preceding regular expression at least 5 times.

Edit File Remotely

Since vim runs inside a terminal, you can use vim to edit a file remotely on another computer if it has your SSH key.

vim scp://user@remote.network/Documents/file.txt

Save & Quit

In ex mode:

• :wq Write to the file
  • Displays an error if no changes have been made since the file was opened.
• :q Close/quit the file
  • Displays an error if there are unsaved changes
• :q! Force-quit from the file, abandoning any unsaved changes
• :wq!
• :qa Exit from all files
  • Displays an error if there are unsaved changes
• :qa! Exit from all files, abandoning any unsaved changes
• :x Only write to the file if it has been modified, and then exit

In Normal mode:

• ZZ only write to the file if it has been modified.
  • equivalent to :x

Warning: Even if you haven’t made any changes, :wq will update the file’s last modified date to the current time. To avoid this, use :x

Confirmation Prompt

If you’d rather not have an error thrown at you when you’re trying to exit a file, you can have vim ask you if you’d like to save your changes when you try to quit from a file. Just add set confirm to your .vimrc file.

Changing Directories With ex Mode

:cd

• :cd .. will change to the parent directory
• :cd- will change to the previous directory
• :cd %:h will change to the directory of the current file

:pwd

• prints the present working directory

Custom ex commands

You can add these to your .vimrc to add custom ex commands.

User Defined Commands

User defined commands uses the command keyword, and has the following syntax

command WriteAndQuit wq

This will allow you to type :WriteAndQuit as an ex command and substitute :wq in its place.

Override Existing Commands

Overriding pre-defined commands uses the :ca keyword (command abbreviate), and has the following syntax

ca w up

Now when we use the :w command it will be replaced with the :up (update) command. This is a good idea, because when you use the :w command, you are writing the current buffer even if there are no changes, which sets the file as modified.

However, there’s a problem. If :up was modified, we would want it to preserve its original meaning. To do this, we’ll disable remaps for the right hand side argument, with the cnorea (command no remap abbreviate) keyword.

cnorea w up

Good News: Although vim tells you that custom commands must start with an upper case letter, using cnorea allows you to bypass this rule entirely. Customize away!

Editing Text Commands

Usually it’s referred to as copy, cut, and paste, but in the interest of having the verb match the keybindings, the translation is as follows for vim

• copy is yank (yy & Y)
• cut is delete (dd)
• paste is put (p)

Move Lines in ex Mode

No need to cut a group of lines and then paste it somewhere else, you can use the :m[ove] command to send a range of lines to be below the specified line.

:3,8m 23

Copy Lines in ex Mode

You have some choices, you can use :t or :co[py], which will paste the range of lines below the specified line.

:3,8t 23

Telling vim about the filetype

If you want to enable syntax highlighting but you’re in a file without a file extension, you can use the :set command to modify the ft value, and tell vim what file to treat it as.

:set ft=sh

Using the shell without leaving vim

:sh

And just press when you're done to return to vim

Managing Viewports

If you open a help page, it opens a viewport in the top vertical half of the screen. This is a good time to learn the commands for managing multiple viewports, as it’s often useful to be working on multiple documents at once.

The typical syntax for managing a viewport in normal mode is ⌃ W . Luckily you don't have to let go of the key when you press the second key, as `vim` binds both `o` and `` to the same function by default.

Warning: This doesn’t always hold true. For instance, <C-w><C-c> won’t close the active window, but <C-w>c will. The reason is that <C-c> is the undo command, so vim decided not to rebind it.

To see all of the bindings, type :tab h index

Focusing Windows

Shortcut	Function
⌃ w h	Focus on the window to the left
⌃ w j	Focus on the window below
⌃ w k	Focus on the window above
⌃ w l	Focus on the window to the right
⌃ w w	Focus on the next window (wraps around)

Moving Windows

Shortcut	Function
⌃ w H	Move active window to the left
⌃ w J	Move active window to the bottom
⌃ w K	Move active window to the top
⌃ w L	Move active window to the right

Opening/Closing Windows

⌃ w s	Horizontally split the current window	:sp
⌃ w v	Vertically split the current window	:vsp
⌃ w q	Quit the active window	:q[uit]
⌃ w c	Close the active window	:clo[se]
⌃ w o	Close all other viewports, making this viewport full-screen	:only

Navigating Tabs

Shortcut	Function	ex Command
gt	Go to the next tab	:tabn[ext]
3gt	Go to the 3rd tab	:tabn3
gT	Go to the previous tab	:tabp[revious]
1gt	Go to the first tab	:tabn1
N/A	Go to the last tab	:tabl[last]

Opening/Closing Tabs

⌃ w T	Open active window in its own tab
⌃ w c	Close the current tab	:tabc[lose]
N/A	Close all other tabs	:tabo[nly]

Tip: Use :tabe file.txt to open file.txt in a new tab.

Registers

The register "+ is the computer’s clipboard. If you want to copy or paste a range of code, you can use this register to do so.

You can use :[yank] to copy to a register. For instance, the following command copies lines 25,35 to the system clipboard.

:25,35 y +

vimdiff

On your terminal, the vim command has a -d flag which you can use to activate vim’s diff mode.

vim -d old.txt new.txt

Filepath Shortcuts

To test any of these out, you can type echo expand('%:p')

• %:. the filepath relative to the current directory vim.md
• %:~ the filepath relative to the home directory ~/notes/_pages/vim.md
• %:p the absolute filepath /Users/atraver/notes/_pages/vim.md
• %:r the filename root, without the extension vim
• %:e the filename extension, without the root md

Splitting the filepath can be done by appending :h or :t as follows:

• %p:h the :h will return everything left of the right-most /, in this case being /Users/atraver/notes/_pages
• %p:t does the exact same thing, but will return everything right of the right-most /, in this case being vim.md

Motions (Text Objects)

In vim, motions, otherwise known as text objects can be used to execute a modification in a way more specific than anything possible using just the mouse. They follow the following structure:

<number> <command> <motion>

For instance, 3dk will delete the current line, and the 3 lines above it. Vim intelligently infers the context from within the motion, allowing for the following types of command-chaining.

• iw specifies the inner word, which is the word but not the surrounding whitespace.

• iW specifies the same thing, but includes non-word characters, selecting everything up to the surrounding whitespace.

• aw specifies a word and will include the surrounding whitespace.

• aW specifies a word, including non-word characters up to the whitespace, and including the whitespace

• is specifies the inner sentence and will match everything in the sentence, up to but not including the surrounding whitespace.

• as specifies the inner sentence and will match everything in the sentence, including the surrounding whitespace.

• c The change command can be chained with i/a to specify boundary, and w/s/p to specify scope of word, sentence, or paragraph accordingly.

• ( Go to the previous sentence.

• ) Go to the next sentence.

• { Go to the previous paragraph.

• } Go to the next paragraph.

Here are some additional examples:

• ci": Change the text inside the first double-quoted phrase in the line.

• ci': Change the text inside the first single-quoted phrase in the line.

• ct:: Change the text from the cursor right up to the next : to the right.i

• %: Not really a motion command, but it will go to the matching (, {, [), }, or ] character.

• [{: Go to the previous unmatched { character.

• [(: Go to the previous unmatched ( character.

• ]}: Go to the next unmatched } character.

• ]): Go to the next unmatched ) character.

• *: Go to next match of the current word.

• #: Go to previous match of the current word.

• /pattern: Go to the beginning of the match to pattern.

• /pattern/e: Go to the end of the next match to pattern.

• ?pattern?e: Go to the end of the next match to pattern.

• "*diw will delete the inner word, and copy it to the clipboard. "* being where the clipboard is stored.

• di[ will delete everything inside the brackets. This can also be di] and to my knowledge they are not different.

• da[ will delete everything inside the brackets including the brackets.

• ci} will delete everything inside of the curly braces and enter insert mode.

• ca} will delete everything inside of the curly braces including the braces and enter insert mode.

• dit will delete everything inside a tag block (e.g. <div> test </div>)

• dat will delete a tag block (e.g. <div> test </div>)

• d/pattern will delete everything from the cursor forward to the next match.

• d?pattern will delete everything from the cursor back to the last match.

• gnd will delete the next match to the current pattern.

• gnD will delete the entire line containing the next match to the current pattern.

• ndw will delete the entire word corresponding to the next instance matching the pattern.

• d* will delete everything between the current word and the next match of the current word in the file.

• d# will delete everything between the current word and the previous match of the current word in the file.

• d$ will delete everything to the end of the line.

(The following apply if you’ve added vim-surround to your packages.

• yst." will surround the selection from the cursor to the next . with double-quotes.

• ysiw) will surround the (word) in parentheses like so.

• ysiw( will surround the word in parentheses, but also add whitespace padding between the ( word ) as so.

• ysiw<div> will surround the <div>word</div> like so.

• ds" will remove the inner-most double quotes selection.

• cs"' will change the inner-most double quotes to single quotes.

Searching

• Add :set hlsearch to your ~/.vimrc to highlight text matching the current search pattern.

If you’ve searched for a word, perhaps /pattern then you can use some familiar motions to move around, as shown below:

• ggn: Go to the first match
• GN: Go to the last match
• n: Go to the next match
• N: Go to the previous match

Marking

• ma
  • set mark “a” at current cursor location
• m’
  • set the previous context mark line
• m&grave;
  • set the previous context mark
• ‘a
  • jump to the line of mark a
• &grave;a
  • jump to line & column of mark a
• d’a
  • delete from current line to mark a
• d&grave;a
  • delete from current cursor position to position of mark a
• c’a
  • change text from current line to line of mark a
• y&grave;a
  • yank text to unnamed buffer from cursor to position of mark a
• ]’
  • jump to next marked line
• [’
  • jump to previous marked line
• ]&grave;
  • jump to next lowercase mark
• [&grave;
  • jump to previous lowercase mark
• ’’
  • jump back to previous line
• &grave;&grave;
  • jump back to previous line & column

Yanking

• gg"*yG will yank the entire file to the system clipboard.

Special Insert Mode

• Insert a 1-byte character a literally

  a
  <C-v>a
  

• Insert a 1-byte character a by its hexadecimal value

  a
  <C-v>x61
  

• Insert a 2-byte UTF-8 character a by its character code

  爱
  <C-v>u7231
  

• Insert a 4-byte UTF-8 character a by its character code

  <C-v>U0001f602
  

Command Substitution

# if you try this command, you'll get an error
:source fnamemodify(stdpath('config'), ':h') . '/vim' . '/config.vim'
# E484: Can't open file fnamemodify(stdpath('config'), ':h') . '/vim' . '/config.vim'

# if you try this command, it will work
:source `=fnamemodify(stdpath('config'), ':h') . '/vim' . '/config.vim'`
# Sourcing /Users/tommy/.config/vim/config.vim